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| Parcheesi is an
American adaptation of a Pachisi, originating in
India. |
Games
A game is something that people often do for fun. If so,
it is different from work. Many sports are games, and
there are many professional sports. In those cases,
there is money to be made, because it is a type of
entertainment.
There are different kinds of games using many kinds of
equipment. For example, in video games, people often use
controllers or their keyboard to control what happens on
a screen, such as a television screens and computers
ones too. In card games, players use playing cards.
There are also games that use your body, such as the
Kinect. Most games need equipment, but not always.
Children's street games often need no equipment.
In board games, players may move pieces on a flat
surface called a board. The object of the game varies.
In race-type games like ludo, the object is to reach the
end first. In go the object is to surround more space.
In soccer it is to score more goals. Some games have
complicated rules, some have simple rules. |
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Definitions |
- "A game is a system in which players
engage in an artificial conflict, defined by rules, that
results in a quantifiable outcome".
- "A game is a form of art in which
participants, termed players, make decisions in order to
manage resources through game tokens in the pursuit of a
goal".
- "A game is an activity among two or
more independent decision-makers seeking to achieve
their objectives in some limiting context".
- "At its most elementary level then
we can define game as an exercise of voluntary control
systems in which there is an opposition between forces,
confined by a procedure and rules in order to produce a
disequilibrial outcome".
- "A game is a form of play with goals
and structure".
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Gameplay elements and
classification
Games can be characterized by "what the player does." This
is often referred to as gameplay. Major key elements
identified in this context are tools and rules that define
the overall context of game.
Tools
Games are often classified by the components required to
play them (e.g. miniatures, a ball, cards, a board and
pieces, or a computer). In places where the use of leather
is well established, the ball has been a popular game piece
throughout recorded history, resulting in a worldwide
popularity of ball games such as rugby, basketball,
football, cricket, tennis, and volleyball.
Many game tools are tokens, meant to represent other things.
A token may be a pawn on a board, play money, or an
intangible item such as a point scored.
Rules
Rules generally determine the time-keeping system, the
rights and responsibilities of the players, and each
player’s goals.
Player rights may include when they may spend resources or
move tokens. An example of a win condition is having the
greatest number of tokens at the end of the game (as in
Monopoly).
Skill, strategy, and chance
A game’s tools and rules will result in its requiring skill,
strategy, luck, or a combination thereof, and are classified
accordingly.
Games of skill include games of physical skill, such as
wrestling, tug of war, hopscotch, target shooting, and
stake, and games of mental skill such as checkers and chess.
Games of strategy include checkers, chess, go, arimaa, and
tic-tac-toe, and often require special equipment to play
them. Games of chance include gambling games (blackjack,
mah-jongg, roulette, etc.), as well as snakes and ladders
and rock, paper, scissors; most require equipment such as
cards or dice. However, most games contain two or all three
of these elements. For example, American football and
baseball involve both physical skill and strategy while
tiddlywinks, poker, and Monopoly combine strategy and
chance. Many card and board games combine all three; most
trick-taking games involve mental skill, strategy, and an
element of chance, as do many strategic board games such as
Risk, Settlers of Catan, and Carcassonne.
Single-player games
Most games require multiple players. However, single-player
games are unique in respect to the type of challenges a
player faces. Unlike a game with multiple players competing
with or against each other to reach the game's goal, a
one-player game is a battle solely against an element of the
environment (an artificial opponent), against their own
skills, against time, or against chance. Playing with a
yo-yo or playing tennis against a wall is not generally
recognized as playing a game due to the lack of any
opposition.
Many games described as "single-player" may be termed
actually puzzles or recreations. |
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Types
Games can take a variety of forms, from competitive
sports to board games and video games.
Sports
Many sports require special equipment and dedicated
playing fields, leading to the involvement of a
community much larger than the group of players. A city
or town may set aside such resources for the
organization of sports leagues.
Popular sports may have spectators who are entertained
just by watching games. A community will often align
itself with a local sports team that supposedly
represents it (even if the team or most of its players
only recently moved in); they often align themselves
against their opponents or have traditional rivalries.
The concept of fandom began with sports fans.
Stanley Fish cited the balls and strikes of baseball as
a clear example of social construction, the operation of
rules on the game's tools. While the strike zone target
is governed by the rules of the game, it epitomizes the
category of things that exist only because people have
agreed to treat them as real. No pitch is a ball or a
strike until it has been labeled as such by an
appropriate authority, the plate umpire, whose judgment
on this matter cannot be challenged within the current
game.
Certain competitive sports, such as racing and
gymnastics, are not games by definitions such as
Crawford's (see above) – despite the inclusion of many
in the Olympic Games – because competitors do not
interact with their opponents; they simply challenge
each other in indirect ways.
Lawn games
Lawn games are outdoor games that can be played on a
lawn; an area of mowed grass (or alternately, on graded
soil) generally smaller than a "field" or pitch.
Variations of many games that are traditionally played
on a pitch are marketed as "lawn games" for home use in
a front or back yard. Common lawn games include
horseshoes, sholf, croquet, bocce, lawn bowls, and
stake.
Tabletop games
A tabletop game generally refers to any game where the
elements of play are confined to a small area and that
require little physical exertion, usually simply
placing, picking up and moving game pieces. Most of
these games are, thus, played at a table around which
the players are seated and on which the game's elements
are located.
A variety of major game types generally fall under the
heading of tabletop games.
Dexterity and coordination
games
Games such as jacks, paper football, and Jenga require
simple equipment and can be played on any flat level
surface, while other examples, such as pinball,
billiards, air hockey, foosball, and table hockey
require specialized tables or other self-contained
modules on which the game is played.
The advent of home video game systems largely replaced
some of these, such as table hockey, however air hockey,
billiards, pinball and foosball remain popular fixtures
in private and public game rooms.
Board games
Board games use as a central tool a board on which the
players' status, resources, and progress are tracked
using physical tokens. Many also involve dice or cards.
Some games, such as chess and Go, rely on strategy.
Children's games, on the other hand, tend to be very
luck-based, likeCandy Land and Chutes and Ladders.
Most other board games combine strategy and luck
factors; the game of backgammon requires players to
decide the best strategic move based on the roll of two
dice. Trivia games have a great deal of randomness based
on the questions a person gets. German-style board games
are notable for often having rather less of a luck
factor than many board games.
Board game groups include race games, roll-and-move
games, abstract strategy games, word games, and wargames,
as well as trivia and other elements.
Card games
Card games use a deck of cards as their central tool.
These cards may be a standard Anglo-American (52-card)
deck of playing cards (such as for bridge, poker, Rummy,
etc.), a regional deck using 32, 36 or 40 cards and
different suit signs (such as for the popular German
game skat), a tarot deck of 78 cards (used in Europe to
play a variety of trick-taking games collectively known
as Tarot, Tarock or Tarocchi games), or a deck specific
to the individual game (such as Set or 1000 Blank White
Cards). Uno and Rook are examples of games that were
originally played with a standard deck and have since
been commercialized with customized decks. Some
collectible card games such as Magic: The Gathering are
played with a small selection of cards that have been
collected or purchased individually from large available
sets.
Dice games
Dice games use a number of dice as their central
element. Popular dice games include Yahtzee, Farkle,
Bunco, Liar's dice/Perudo, and Poker dice.
Domino and tile games
Domino games are similar in many respects to card games,
but the generic device is instead a set of tiles called
dominoes, which traditionally each have two ends, each
with a given number of dots, or "pips", and each
combination of two possible end values as it appears on
a tile is unique in the set. Muggins, Mexican Train, and
Chicken Foot are very popular domino games. Texas 42 is
a domino game more similar in its play to a
"trick-taking" card game.
Variations of traditional dominoes abound: Triominoes
are similar in theory but are triangular and thus have
three values per tile. Similarly, a game known as Quad-Ominos
uses four-sided tiles.
Mah-Jongg is another game that uses a set of tiles with
card-like values and art.
Pencil and paper games
Pencil and paper games require little or no specialized
equipment other than writing materials, though some such
games have been commercialized as board games (Scrabble,
for instance, is based on the idea of a crossword
puzzle, and tic-tac-toe sets with a boxed grid and
pieces are available commercially). These games vary
widely, from games centering on a design being drawn
such as Pictionary and "connect-the-dots" games like
sprouts, to letter and word games such as Boggle and
Scattergories, to solitaire and logic puzzle games such
as Sudoku and crossword puzzles.
Guessing games
A guessing game has as its core a piece of information
that one player knows, and the object is to get others
to guess the information without saying anything.
Charades is probably the most well-known game of this
type and Guess Who is popular with children.
Video games
Video games are computer- or microprocessor-controlled
games. Computers can create virtual spaces for a wide
variety of game types. Some video games simulate
conventional game objects like cards or dice, while
others can simulate environs either grounded in reality
or fantastical in design, each with its own set of rules
or goals.
A computer or video game uses one or more input devices,
typically a button/joystick combination (on arcade
games); a keyboard, mouse or trackball (computer games);
or a controller or a motion sensitive tool. (console
games). More esoteric devices such as paddle controllers
have also been used for input.
There are many genres of video game; the first
commercial video game, Pong, was a simple simulation of
table tennis.
Online games
Modern online games are played using an Internet
connection; some have dedicated client programs, while
others require only a web browser. Some simpler browser
games appeal to demographic groups (notably women and
the middle-aged) that otherwise play very few video
games.
Role-playing games
Role-playing games, often abbreviated as RPGs, are a
type of game in which the participants (usually) assume
the roles of characters acting in a fictional setting.
Pen-and-paper role-playing games include, for example,
Dungeons & Dragons and GURPS.
There are also many computer or internet role playing
games. |
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