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American English Grammar
Present participle adjective
Learning objectives
  • Learn the definition of a present participle adjective
  • Watch the video lesson
  • Read the video lesson information
  • Study examples of present participle adjectives
Definition of a past participle adjective
  • A present participle adjective is a word:

    • formed from a verb using the present participle or "ing" form of the verb

  • Note: when adding "ing" to the verb it is sometimes necessary to double the final consonant

Video lesson
Video lesson information
  • The -ing form of the verb expresses the cause of the feeling.

  • The -ed form of the verb expresses the result.

  • In the case of the verb "to bore" Akira said she is BORING which means Akira is actually BORING and not the class.

  • Akira should say because this class is BORING, I am BORED, or simply I am BORED.

  • The class is the cause of her feeling, so it is described with an -ing form, in this case BORING.

  • Her feeling, or the result, is described with an -ed form, in this case BORED.

  • Basically you should remember that things can only be described with the -ing form because things cannot produce feelings.

  • People can be described with either the -ing or -ed forms because they can produce feelings in other people or experience feelings themselves.

Examples of present participle adjectives
  • The boring teacher.

  • The confusing class. (the class is difficult to understand)

  • The following words are present participle adjectives

    • verb - present participle - past participle

      • aggravate - aggravating - aggravated
      • alarm - alarming - alarmed
      • amaze - amazing - amazed
      • amuse - amusing - amused
      • annoy - annoying - annoyed
      • appall - appalling - appalled
      • astonish - astonishing - astonished
      • astound - astounding - astounded
      • bewilder - bewildering - bewildered
      • bore - boring - bored
      • calm - calming - calmed
      • captivate - captivating - captivated
      • challenge - challenging - challenged
      • charm - charming - charmed
      • comfort - comforting - comforted
      • compel - compelling - compelled
      • confuse - confusing - confused
      • convince - convincing - convinced
      • depress - depressing - depressed
      • devastate - devastating - devastating
      • disappoint - disappointing - disappointed
      • disgust - disgusting - disgusted
      • distract - distracting - distracted
      • distress - distressing - distressed
      • disturb - disturbing - disturbed
      • embarrass - embarrassing - embarrassed
      • enchant - enchanting - enchanted
      • encourage - encouraging - encouraged
      • entertain - entertaining - entertained
      • excite - exciting - excited
      • frighten - frightening - frightened
      • humiliate - humiliating - humiliated
      • infuriate - infuriating - infuriated
      • inspire - inspiring - inspired
      • insult - insulting - insulted
      • interest - interesting - interested
      • intimidate - intimidating - intimidated
      • intrigue - intriguing - intrigued
      • mislead - misleading - misled
      • mystify - mystifying - mystified
      • overwhelm - overwhelming - overwhelmed
      • please - pleasing - pleased
      • puzzle - puzzling - puzzled
      • refresh - refreshing - refreshed
      • relax - relaxing - relaxed
      • reward - rewarding - rewarded
      • satisfy - satisfying - satisfied
      • shock - shocking - shocked
      • sicken - sickening - sickened
      • startle - startling - startled
      • surprise - surprising - surprised
      • tempt - tempting - tempted
      • terrify - terrifying - terrified
      • threaten - threatening - threatened
      • tire - tiring - tired
      • welcome - welcoming - welcomed
      • worry - worrying - worried
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