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American English Grammar |
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Past participle adjective |
| Learning
objectives |
 In
this lesson you will watch a past participle
adjective video, learn the
definition of a past participle adjective and study
examples of past participle adjectives. |
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| Definition of a past participle adjective |
- A past participle adjective:
- indicates a past or completed action or time
- is formed from a
verb using the perfect
aspect and the passive
voice
- does not take an
object
- is often called the -ed form
- often has the same form as the simple past
of the verb
- Note: only
transitive verbs can use their past participles as
adjectives
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| Examples of past participle adjectives |
- The bored student.
- The confused class. (all the students)
- The chicken has eaten. (perfect aspect:)
- The chicken was eaten. (passive voice)
- The following words are past participle adjectives
- verb - present participle - past participle
- aggravate - aggravating - aggravated
- alarm - alarming - alarmed
- amaze - amazing - amazed
- amuse - amusing - amused
- annoy - annoying - annoyed
- appall - appalling -
appalled
- astonish - astonishing - astonished
- astound - astounding - astounded
- bewilder - bewildering - bewildered
- bore - boring - bored
- calm - calming - calmed
- captivate - captivating - captivated
- challenge - challenging - challenged
- charm - charming - charmed
- comfort - comforting - comforted
- compel - compelling - compelled
- confuse - confusing - confused
- convince - convincing - convinced
- depress - depressing - depressed
- devastate - devastating - devastating
- disappoint - disappointing - disappointed
- disgust - disgusting - disgusted
- distract - distracting - distracted
- distress - distressing - distressed
- disturb - disturbing - disturbed
- embarrass - embarrassing - embarrassed
- enchant - enchanting - enchanted
- encourage - encouraging - encouraged
- entertain - entertaining - entertained
- excite - exciting - excited
- frighten - frightening - frightened
- humiliate - humiliating - humiliated
- infuriate - infuriating - infuriated
- inspire - inspiring - inspired
- insult - insulting - insulted
- interest - interesting - interested
- intimidate - intimidating - intimidated
- intrigue - intriguing - intrigued
- mislead - misleading - misled
- mystify - mystifying - mystified
- overwhelm - overwhelming - overwhelmed
- please - pleasing - pleased
- puzzle - puzzling - puzzled
- refresh - refreshing - refreshed
- relax - relaxing - relaxed
- reward - rewarding - rewarded
- satisfy - satisfying - satisfied
- shock - shocking - shocked
- sicken - sickening - sickened
- startle - startling - startled
- surprise - surprising - surprised
- tempt - tempting - tempted
- terrify - terrifying - terrified
- threaten - threatening - threatened
- tire - tiring - tired
- welcome - welcoming - welcomed
- worry - worrying - worried
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| Cartoon video information |
- The -ing form of the verb expresses the cause of the
feeling.
- The -ed form of the verb expresses the result.
- In the case of the verb "to bore" Akira said she is BORING
which means Akira is actually BORING and not the class.
- Akira should say because this class is BORING, I am BORED,
or simply I am BORED.
- The class is the cause of her feeling, so it is described
with an -ing form, in this case BORING.
- Her feeling, or the result, is described with an -ed form,
in this case BORED.
- Basically you should remember that things can only be
described with the -ing form because things cannot produce
feelings.
- People can be described with either the -ing or -ed forms
because they can produce feelings in other people or experience
feelings themselves.
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